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- ROMANTIC MUSIC (The Arts)
- The ideals of instrumental music
-
- At one point in the study of the Romantic period of music, we come upon
- the first of several apparently opposing conditions that plague all attempts
- to grasp
- the meaning of Romantic as applied to the music of the 19th century. This
- opposition involved the relation between music and words. If instrumental
- music
- is the perfect Romantic art, why is it acknowledged that the great masters of
- the
- symphony, the highest form of instrumental music, were not Romantic
- composers,
- but were the Classical composers, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven? Moreover,
- one
- of the most characteristic 19th century genres was the Lied, a vocal piece in
- which
- Shubert, Schumann, Brahams, and Wolf attained a new union between music and
- poetry. Furthermore, a large number of leading composers in the 19th century
-
- were extremely interested and articulate in literary expression, and leading
- Romantic novelists and poets wrote about music with deep love and insight.
- The conflict between the ideal of pure instrumental music (absolute music)
- as the ultimate Romantic mode of expression, and the strong literary
- orientation of
- the 19th century, was resolved in the conception of program music. Program
- music, as Liszt and others in the 19th century used the term, is music
- associated
- with poetic, descriptive, and even narrative subject matter. This is done
- not by
- means of musical figures imitating natural sounds and movements, but by
- imaginative suggestion. Program music aimed to absorb and transmit the
- imagined
- subject matter in such a way that the resulting work, although "programmed",
- does
- not sound forced, and transcends the subject matter it seeks to represent.
- Instrumental music thus became a vehicle for the utterance of thoughts which,
-
- although first hinted in words, may ultimately be beyond the power of words
- to
- fully express.
- Practically every composer of the era was, to some degree, writing program
- music, weather or not this was publicly acknowledged. One reason it was so
- easy
- for listeners to connect a scene or a story or a poem with a piece of
- Romantic
- music is that often the composer himself, perhaps unconsciously, was working
- from some such ideas. Writers on music projected their own conceptions of
- the
- expressive functions of music into the past, and read Romantic programs into
- the
- instrumental works not only of Beethoven, but also the likes of Mozart,
- Haydn,
- and Bach!
- The diffused scenic effects in the music of such composers as Mendelssohn
- and Schumann seem pale when compared to the feverish, and detailed drama that
-
- constitutes the story of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (1830). Because his
-
- imagination always seemed to run in parallel literary and musical channels,
- Berlioz once subtitled his work "Episode in the life of an artist", and
- provided a
- program for it which was in effect a piece of Romantic autobiography. In
- later
- years, he conceded that if necessary, when the symphony was performed by
- itself
- in concert, the program would need not be given out for the music would "of
- itself,
- and irrespective of any dramatic aim, offer an interest in the musical sense
- alone."
- The principle formal departure in the symphony is the recurrence of the
- opening
- theme of the first Allegro, the idee fixe. This, according to the program, is
- the
- obsessive image of the hero's beloved, that recurs in the other movements.
- To
- mention another example: in the coda of the Adagio there is a passage for
- solo
- English horn and four Tympani intended to suggest "distant thunder".
- The foremost composer of program music after Beriloz was Franz Liszt,
- twelve of whose symphonic poems were written between 1848 and 1858. The
- name symphonic poem is significant: these pieces are symphonic, but Liszt
- did not
- call them symphonies, presumably because or their short length, and the fact
- that
- they are not divided up into movements. Instead, each is a continuos form
- with
- various sections, more or less varied in tempo and character, and a few
- themes that
- are varied, developed, or repeated within the design of the work. Les
- Preludes, the
- only one that is still played much today, is well designed, melodious, and
- efficiently scored. However, its idiom causes it to be rhetorical in a
- sense. It
- forces today's listeners to here lavishly excessive emotion on ideas that do
- not
- seem sufficiently important for such a display of feeling.
- Liszt's two symphonies were as programmatic as his symphonic poems.
- His masterpiece, the Faust Symphony, was dedicated to Berlioz. It consists
- of
- three movements entitled respectively Faust, Gretchen, and Mephistopheles,
- with a
- finale (added later) which is a setting for tenor soloist and male chorus.
- The first
- three movements correspond to the classic plan of an introduction in Allegro,
-
- Andante, and Scherzo. Liszt attempted to sum up the ideas of Romantic music
- in
- these words:
- "Music embodies feeling without forcing it - as it is forced in its
- other manifestations, in most arts and especially in the art of
- words - to contend and
- combine with thought....it is the embodied and intelligent essence of
- feeling;
- capable of being apprehended by our senses, it permeates them like a dart,
- like a
- ray, like a dew, like a spirit, and fills our soul."